Researchers at McGill University have demonstrated a technique that could enable the production of robust, high-performance membranes to harness an abundant source of renewable energy.
Blue energy, also known as osmotic energy, capitalizes on the energy naturally released when two solutions of different salinities mix – conditions that occur in countless locations around the world where fresh and salt water meet.
The key to capturing blue energy lies in selectively permeable membranes, which allow only one constituent of a saltwater solution to pass through – either the water molecules or the dissolved salt ions – but not the other.
A problem of scale
To date, large-scale blue energy projects such as Norway’s Statkraft power plant have been impeded by the poor efficiency of existing membrane technology. In the laboratory, researchers have developed membranes from exotic nanomaterials that have shown great promise in terms of the amount of power they can generate relative to their size. But it remains a challenge to turn these vanishingly thin materials into components that are large enough and strong enough to meet the demands of real-world applications.
In results recently published in Nano Letters, a team of McGill physicists has demonstrated a technique that may open the way to overcoming this challenge.
“In our project, we aimed to remedy the inherent mechanical fragility problem while exploiting the exceptional selectivity of thin 2D nanomaterials by fabricating a hybrid membrane made of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) monolayers supported by silicon nitride membranes,” explained lead author Khadija Yazda, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Physics at McGill.
McGill-made tool facilitates research
To achieve the desired characteristic of selective permeability, Yazda and her colleagues used a technique developed at McGill called tip-controlled local breakdown (TCLB) to “drill” multiple microscopic holes, or nanopores, in their membrane. In an advance on previous research that focused on experimental prototypes with a single nanopore, the McGill team was able to exploit the speed and precision of TCLB to prepare and investigate membranes with multiple nanopores in various configurations of pore size, number and spacing.
“Our experiments on pore-pore interaction in nanopore arrays shows that the optimum membrane selectivity and overall power density is obtained with a pore spacing that balances the need for high pore density while maintaining a large extent of charged surface (≥ 500nm) surrounding each pore,” Yazda said.
Having successfully produced an array of 20 by 20 pores on a membrane surface 40µm² in size, the researchers say the TCLB technique could be used to produce much larger arrays.
“A natural next step for this research is to try scaling up this approach not only for large-scale powerplants but also in nano- or micro-power generators,” Yazda said.
About the study
“High Osmotic Power Generation via Nanopore Arrays in Hybrid Hexagonal Boron Nitride/Silicon Nitride Membranes” by Khadija Yazda et al. was published in Nano Letters.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04704
This study was funded by the McGill Sustainability Systems Initiative (MSSI) Ideas Fund, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Discovery Grants Program, and the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies.
About the MSSI Ideas Fund
The MSSI Ideas Fund provides small amounts of seed funding to explore bold projects and novel ideas which, if successful, could make a significant impact on a sustainability-related challenge. The Fund allows recipients to explore the feasibility of ideas before dedicating significant resources to flesh them out.
Learn more about the McGill Sustainability Systems Initiative (MSSI)
About McGill University
Founded in 1821, McGill University is home to exceptional students, faculty, and staff from across Canada and around the world. It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It is a world-renowned institution of higher learning with research activities spanning two campuses, 11 faculties, 13 professional schools, 300 programs of study and over 40,000 students, including more than 10,200 graduate students.
McGill’s commitment to sustainability reaches back several decades and spans scales from local to global. The sustainability declarations that we have signed affirm our role in helping to shape a future where people and the planet can flourish.
